LANGUAGE is far more than a mere tool for communication; it is the bedrock of culture, identity and national unity. For Bangladesh, a nation with a rich linguistic heritage and a history deeply intertwined with the struggle for linguistic rights, the need for a comprehensive language policy and strategic language planning is both urgent and undeniable. The absence of a coherent language policy has left the country vulnerable to linguistic fragmentation, cultural erosion and socio-economic disparities. Bangladesh must prioritise the development and implementation of a robust language policy and planning framework to preserve its linguistic diversity, strengthen national identity and foster inclusive development.
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Language as pillar of national identity
BANGLADESH鈥橲 history is uniquely defined by the language movement, which culminated in the historic events of 1952. The sacrifice of the language martyrs, who laid down their lives to protect the right to speak Bangla, is a testament to the centrality of language in the nation鈥檚 identity. The language movement not only galvanised the struggle for independence but also established Bangla as a symbol of cultural pride and resistance against oppression. In 1971, this linguistic and cultural identity played a pivotal role in the liberation war, leading to the birth of Bangladesh as an independent nation.
However, the legacy of the language movement has not been fully realised in the post-independence era. While Bangla was enshrined as the state language in the constitution, the lack of a comprehensive language policy has hindered its effective implementation. The absence of strategic language planning has resulted in a fragmented linguistic landscape, where Bangla coexists uneasily with regional dialects, minority languages and the growing influence of English. This has created a paradox: while Bangla is celebrated as the heart of the nation, its role in education, governance and economic development remains inadequately defined.
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Challenges and inequities
Bangladesh is home to a diverse array of languages and dialects. Apart from Bangla, which is spoken by the majority, there are at least 40 indigenous languages spoken by ethnic minority communities, including Chakma, Garo, Santali and Marma. These languages are not only mediums of communication but also repositories of unique cultural knowledge and traditions. However, the lack of recognition and support for these languages has marginalised their speakers, exacerbating socio-economic inequalities and threatening their survival.
The dominance of Bangla in official domains has created barriers for non-Bangla speakers, particularly in education and governance. Children from indigenous communities are often forced to learn in a language that is not their mother tongue, leading to high dropout rates and poor academic performance. This linguistic disadvantage perpetuates cycles of poverty and exclusion, undermining the principles of equity and social justice enshrined in the constitution.
At the same time, the growing influence of English as a global lingua franca has created a dualistic linguistic hierarchy. English is increasingly seen as the language of opportunity, essential for higher education, employment and global connectivity. This has led to a surge in demand for English-medium education, particularly among the urban elite. However, the quality of English education remains uneven, with rural and underprivileged students often left behind. This linguistic divide reinforces existing class disparities, creating a society where access to opportunities is determined by one鈥檚 proficiency in English.
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Language policy and planning
A WELL-DESIGNED language policy and planning framework can address these challenges by promoting linguistic diversity, ensuring equitable access to resources and strengthening national unity. Language policy refers to the set of principles and guidelines that govern the use of languages in a society, while language planning involves the deliberate efforts to influence the function, structure, or acquisition of languages. Together, they provide a roadmap for managing linguistic diversity and harnessing the power of language for development.
Bangladesh鈥檚 linguistic diversity is a source of national pride and cultural richness. However, many indigenous languages are at risk of extinction due to lack of documentation, limited use in formal domains and the pressures of globalisation. A language policy that recognises and supports minority languages can help preserve this heritage for future generations.
For instance, the government could introduce multilingual education programs that allow children to learn in their mother tongue during the early years of schooling, gradually transitioning to Bangla and English. This approach has been successfully implemented in countries like India and South Africa, where multilingual education has improved learning outcomes and fostered cultural pride. By investing in the documentation and revitalisation of minority languages, Bangladesh can ensure that its linguistic diversity remains a living, dynamic part of its national identity.
Language is a key determinant of access to education, healthcare and economic opportunities. A language policy that prioritises linguistic inclusivity can help bridge the gap between Bangla-speaking majority and non-Bangla-speaking minority communities. For example, providing government services and information in multiple languages can ensure that all citizens, regardless of their linguistic background, can fully participate in public life.
In the education sector, a multilingual approach can address the high dropout rates among indigenous students by making learning more relevant and accessible. Similarly, in the legal system, providing interpreters and translated documents can ensure that non-Bangla speakers have equal access to justice. These measures not only promote social equity but also strengthen the sense of belonging and inclusion among marginalised communities.
A common language is often seen as a unifying force in a nation. However, unity does not have to come at the expense of diversity. A language policy that balances the promotion of Bangla with the recognition of minority languages can foster a sense of shared identity while respecting cultural differences. By celebrating the contributions of all linguistic communities to the national fabric, Bangladesh can build a more cohesive and inclusive society.
Moreover, a strategic approach to language planning can enhance the status of Bangla as a modern, dynamic language capable of meeting the demands of the 21st century. This includes developing technical and scientific terminology in Bangla, promoting its use in digital platforms and encouraging creative expression in literature, media and the arts. By investing in the development of Bangla, Bangladesh can ensure that it remains a vibrant and relevant language in an increasingly globalised world.
The rise of English as a global language presents both opportunities and challenges for Bangladesh. On one hand, proficiency in English is essential for accessing global markets, pursuing higher education abroad and participating in international discourse. On the other hand, an overemphasis on English can undermine the status of Bangla and marginalise those who lack access to quality English education.
A balanced language policy can navigate this divide by promoting bilingualism or multilingualism. For instance, the government could introduce a 鈥淏angla-plus鈥� approach, where Bangla is the primary medium of instruction, but English is taught as a second language from an early age. This would ensure that students develop strong foundational skills in Bangla while also acquiring the English proficiency needed for global opportunities. Additionally, efforts to improve the quality of English education in rural and underserved areas can help level the playing field and reduce linguistic disparities.
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Recommendations
TO REALISE the vision of a linguistically inclusive and equitable society, Bangladesh must take concrete steps to develop and implement a comprehensive language policy and planning framework. This framework should be designed to address the linguistic challenges facing the nation while harnessing the potential of language as a tool for unity, development and cultural preservation. The following recommendations provide a roadmap for action, outlining specific measures that can be taken to achieve these goals.
First and foremost, the establishment of a听National Language Commission听is essential. This dedicated body would serve as the cornerstone of language policy and planning in Bangladesh. Comprising linguists, educators, policymakers and representatives of minority communities, the commission would be tasked with conducting research, developing guidelines and monitoring the implementation of language-related initiatives. Its mandate would include assessing the linguistic needs of different communities, identifying gaps in existing policies and proposing evidence-based solutions. By providing a centralised platform for dialogue and decision-making, the National Language Commission would ensure that language policy is inclusive, transparent and responsive to the needs of all citizens.
A critical component of this framework is the promotion of听multilingual education. For indigenous communities, the lack of access to education in their mother tongue has been a significant barrier to learning and development. Introducing mother tongue-based multilingual education programs would allow children to begin their education in a language they understand, gradually transitioning to Bangla and English as they progress through school. This approach has been shown to improve literacy rates, academic performance and retention levels in other multilingual societies. By investing in teacher training, curriculum development and educational materials in minority languages, Bangladesh can create a more inclusive and effective education system that respects and values linguistic diversity.
In addition to promoting multilingual education, it is imperative to听recognise and support minority languages听through legislative and institutional measures. Enacting legislation to recognise the linguistic rights of minority communities would send a powerful message about the nation鈥檚 commitment to inclusivity and cultural preservation. This could include provisions for the use of minority languages in local governance, education and media, as well as the allocation of resources for their documentation and revitalisation. For example, initiatives to record oral histories, compile dictionaries and develop written scripts for endangered languages can help preserve these linguistic treasures for future generations. By empowering minority communities to use and celebrate their languages, Bangladesh can foster a sense of belonging and pride among its diverse population.
At the same time, efforts must be made to听enhance the status of Bangla听as the national language. While Bangla holds a special place in the hearts of Bangladeshis, its role in modern domains such as science, technology and digital communication needs to be strengthened. This can be achieved by developing technical and scientific terminology in Bangla, promoting its use on digital platforms and supporting creative industries such as literature, film and music. By investing in the modernisation of Bangla, Bangladesh can ensure that it remains a vibrant and relevant language in an increasingly globalised world. Moreover, initiatives to promote Bangla as a medium of instruction in higher education and professional training can help bridge the gap between the language of the people and the language of opportunity.
While Bangla is the cornerstone of national identity, the importance of听English as a global language听cannot be overlooked. Proficiency in English is essential for accessing higher education, participating in the global economy and engaging with international discourse. However, the current disparities in English education must be addressed to ensure equitable access for all. This requires a concerted effort to improve the quality of English education, particularly in rural and underserved areas. Training teachers, developing culturally relevant curricula and providing resources such as textbooks and digital tools can help level the playing field and reduce linguistic disparities. By adopting a balanced approach that values both Bangla and English, Bangladesh can equip its citizens with the linguistic skills needed to thrive in an interconnected world.
Finally, fostering听public awareness听about the importance of linguistic diversity and the role of language in national development is crucial. Many Bangladeshis are unaware of the rich linguistic heritage of their country or the challenges faced by minority language speakers. Public awareness campaigns, supported by media, schools and community organisations, can help change this. These campaigns could highlight the contributions of minority languages to the nation鈥檚 cultural fabric, celebrate the achievements of multilingual individuals and emphasise the economic and social benefits of linguistic inclusivity. By fostering a culture of respect and appreciation for linguistic diversity, Bangladesh can build a more cohesive and harmonious society.
Language is the soul of a nation and for Bangladesh, it is also a testament to its resilience and spirit. The time has come for the country to honour the legacy of the language movement by embracing a forward-looking language policy and planning framework. By preserving linguistic diversity, promoting inclusive development and strengthening national unity, Bangladesh can build a society where every citizen, regardless of their linguistic background, has the opportunity to thrive. The journey will not be easy, but the rewards 鈥� a more equitable, cohesive and culturally vibrant nation 鈥� are well worth the effort. Let us seize this moment to ensure that language remains a source of strength and pride for generations to come.
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听Musharraf Tansen is a development analyst and former country representative of Malala Fund.
