BANGLADESH鈥橲 media sector has witnessed remarkable growth over the past decades. The expansion in the number of outlets and the diversification of platforms reflect the vibrancy of this sector, which serves as a crucial pillar of democracy and development. However, this growth has not come without challenges. From restrictive legal frameworks and market pressures to professional shortcomings and low public media literacy, the sector grapples with issues that undermine its potential to inform, educate, and empower the populace.
The legal and regulatory environment in Bangladesh plays a defining role in shaping the media landscape, yet it also presents significant barriers to press freedom. Among the most contentious issues was the Digital Security Act 2018, enacted with the stated aim of curbing cybercrime and maintaining order in the digital sphere. However, its broad and ambiguous provisions have made it a tool for stifling dissent and suppressing journalistic expression. Numerous journalists have faced arrests and intimidation under this law, fostering an environment of fear and widespread self-censorship.
Then came the Cyber Security Act 2023, replacing the criticised Digital Security Act. While the ordinance is apparently aimed at addressing cybersecurity threats, its sweeping powers allow for increased surveillance and control over digital content. Critics argue that its vague definitions and harsh penalties for violations risk becoming another instrument of control, particularly over online media. The ordinance has heightened concerns about privacy, freedom of expression, and the independence of the press in the digital era.
Furthermore, the Right to Information Act, which theoretically empowers journalists and citizens by ensuring access to information, has seen limited implementation. Bureaucratic hurdles, lack of awareness, and reluctance among authorities to share critical information have rendered the act less effective than intended. As a result, investigative reporting 鈥� a cornerstone of a free press 鈥� has been severely constrained, weakening transparency and accountability in governance. In this legal context, journalists and media organisations face a precarious situation. The dual challenge of restrictive laws like the Digital Security Act and the Cyber Security Ordinance, combined with the underutilisation of the Right to Information Act underscores the urgent need for legal reforms that strike a balance between ensuring national security and upholding press freedom.
Bangladesh鈥檚 media market is characterised by consolidated ownership, with a small number of conglomerates controlling a significant share of print and broadcast outlets. This concentration poses a direct threat to editorial independence. Owners with diverse business interests often influence editorial decisions, skewing reporting to align with their political or economic agendas. This situation creates a conflict of interest that undermines the credibility and objectivity of the media. The sector鈥檚 financial fragility exacerbates this issue. Many media outlets depend heavily on government advertising revenue, which accounts for a substantial portion of their income. This dependency discourages criticism of government policies, as outlets fear losing vital financial support. Consequently, coverage often becomes biased, depriving the public of balanced and objective reporting.
Journalists in Bangladesh face significant challenges in developing their professional skills. Many lack access to adequate training and capacity-building programs, leaving them ill-equipped to navigate the complexities of modern journalism. This skills gap has led to issues such as the spread of misinformation, sensationalism, and breaches of journalistic ethics. Additionally, the absence of strong professional organisations compounds these problems. Journalists often lack support networks to advocate for their rights, promote ethical practices, and provide resources for continued professional growth. Without these structures, the sector remains vulnerable to both internal weaknesses and external pressures.
Media literacy among the general population in Bangladesh remains alarmingly low, which makes citizens vulnerable to misinformation and manipulation. The rise of digital platforms has further complicated the issue. While these platforms have democratised access to information, they have also facilitated the rapid spread of unverified or false news. This underscores the urgent need for media literacy programs that equip citizens with the skills to critically evaluate news sources. Empowering the public to discern credible information from propaganda or fake news can foster a more informed and engaged society capable of holding power to account.
To address these challenges and unlock the full potential of Bangladesh鈥檚 media sector, a multifaceted approach is required. Revising restrictive laws such as the Cyber Security Ordinance is crucial to align with international standards of press freedom and freedom of expression. These revisions should clarify ambiguous provisions, minimise the risk of misuse, and protect journalists from undue harassment. Strengthening the implementation of the Right to Information Act can also empower both journalists and citizens by streamlining access procedures, reducing bureaucratic hurdles, and raising awareness about rights and obligations under the law. Simultaneously, media outlets must reduce their reliance on government advertising to maintain editorial independence. Encouraging alternative revenue models such as audience subscriptions, digital monetisation strategies, and branded content can provide financial sustainability. Partnerships with international organisations can also offer funding and technical support, enabling outlets to focus on producing unbiased, high-quality journalism while promoting financial and editorial independence.
Investing in training programs for journalists is essential to enhance their skills in investigative reporting, ethical standards, and digital journalism. Specialised workshops and certification programs can equip journalists to navigate the challenges of a rapidly evolving media environment. Establishing strong professional associations can provide platforms for resource sharing, advocacy, and ongoing professional development while serving as watchdogs to uphold journalistic integrity and standards. A nationwide push to improve media literacy is necessary to help the public critically evaluate news content and combat the spread of misinformation. Public campaigns can educate citizens on identifying credible sources and distinguishing facts from propaganda, while integrating media literacy education into school curricula can cultivate an informed and discerning younger generation. Supporting independent media outlets is equally vital, ensuring a plurality of voices and perspectives. Grants and technical assistance can help these outlets produce unbiased, high-quality content, while initiatives that promote diversity in media representation can ensure public discourse reflects a broad spectrum of experiences and opinions.
Finally, developing and enforcing robust codes of conduct is essential to maintaining the credibility and integrity of journalism. These codes should emphasise accuracy, fairness, and accountability in reporting. Establishing self-regulatory bodies within the media sector can address ethical breaches and hold practitioners accountable, helping to build public trust and uphold professional standards. By addressing these key areas, Bangladesh can foster a more vibrant, independent, and robust media landscape that supports democracy, transparency, and an informed citizenry.
A free, diverse, and empowered media is not just a cornerstone of democracy 鈥� it is also essential for fostering transparency, accountability, and social progress. Bangladesh has the opportunity to strengthen this crucial institution, ensuring that it continues to inform, inspire, and empower its citizens in the years to come. By embracing reform and innovation, the media sector can truly realise its potential as a force for positive change.
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Musharraf Tansen is a development analyst and former country representative of Malala Fund.